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Alpine on Mac OS X

Notes on building and running alpine under Mac OS X.

Paul Heinlein
First published on February 4, 2005
Last updated on September 22, 2020

Several years ago, my main workstation at work became a PowerBook G4running Mac OS X. I tried using the included Mail.app, but I missed theflexibility of Pine, my favorite mail client. So I set to compiling andinstalling it on my laptop. It wasn't initially obvious how to workaround the Mac-isms, but so far I've been able to get most things towork as well as they do on my Linux boxes.

Since then, I've migrated from Pine to Alpine, its successor. At leastone Pine developer has said that it's not too much of a stretch to saythat Alpine 1.0 could be considered Pine 5.0. In a standard terminalwindow, Alpine looks and acts pretty much like Pine, but under the hoodthere have been some substantial code revisions. Among other things,Alpine works and plays pretty well with UTF-8 (aka Unicode) charactersand typefaces. Also, the license has been altered, making it likely thatpeople will be able to distribute patched binary versions ofAlpine—something not permitted under Pine's license.

I should note that I don't store any mail locally; my inboxes andfolders are all on remote IMAP hosts. I assume that a local mail storeon a Mac will work as expected, but I don't have any experience with it.

Pine had a idiosyncratic build process, but with Alpine the UWdevelopment team began to use the GNU autoconf system. The migrationisn't complete—too many legacy operating environments supported by thec-client code can't use it—but the developers have hinted strongly thatthey'll be dropping support for many older environments in the nearfuture. The upshot is that while Alpine builds using the standardconfigure script, there's still several old Pine build scripts underthe hood.

To build Alpine on OS X, you'll need to install the Xcodepackage. My hunch is thatanyone interested in using a command-line mail client on the Mac hasalready done that, but stranger things have happened.

The latest versions of Alpine require OpenSSL version 1.0.0c orhigher. macOS 10.13 ships with LibreSSL, so I chose to link Alpineagainst a third-party OpenSSL installation. I useMacPorts, but a lot of people useHomebrew. The script below assumes a MacPortsversion of OpenSSL, but it'd be easy to modify for Homebrew.

If you're connecting to your mail server using a secure SSL or TLSsession, you will likely encounter Alpine's dreaded SSL/TLS CertificateValidation Failure warning:

You will see this message even if your server has a certificate signedby a well known Certificate Authority (CA) like VeriSign or Thawte.

Since this version of Alpine is linked against a non-system OpenSSLinstallation, you'll have to figure out where it keeps its storeof recognized CAs. For MacPorts, the file is off in /opt/local:

• /opt/local/share/curl/curl-ca-bundle.crt

You'll need to add the certificate(s) you want to that file manually:

Then relaunch Alpine.

I've tried running Alpine both in the standard Terminal utility and inthe xterm provided by X11 for Mac OS X (aka XDarwin). It works ineither environment, but I prefer the Terminal because it's got bettercut-and-paste support and it seems to handle character-set issuesbetter.

I use a larger font for mail than I do for regular Terminal sessions.For me, 12 or 13 pt. Monaco works well, and it looks even better withanti-aliasing turned on.

You can verify the antialiasing check box by navigating toTerminal -> Preferecnes… -> Profiles -> «name of profile» -> Text

The Terminal application has several different profile, eachwith its own colors and fonts. You'll need to repeat the previouscheck for each different profile.

Mac OS X makes it easy to launch helper applications for viewing URLsembedded in messages or attached files like images, PDF files, MS Worddocs, or whatever. The secret lies in the open utility, which knowsall about which applications you prefer for which MIME types.

Opening URLs with your default browser

Two settings need to be tweaked if you want to be able to view URLsembedded in messages sent to you. First, you need to enableenable-msg-view-urls option. Second, tell the url-viewers optionabout open:

Note that the quotation marks are necessary to preserve the whitespace.

That's it! If someone sends you something with some text that evenvaguely resembles a URL, it'll appear in bold within your Terminal. Usethe up or down arrows to highlight it, then press the Enter key. Yourdefault web browser will appear and begin loading the page.

Opening URLs with a different browser

I've gotten to the point that I prefer opening URLs embedded in e-mail messageswith Google Chrome in incognito mode rather than with my default browser, whichhappens to be Safari.

I was unable to configure this change completely in my .pinerc file, so Iended up writing a wrapper script and referencing that script in my alpine configuration.

The script itself is pretty simple. See the open(1) man page for details.

I installed that script as /usr/local/bin/url-viewer and then pointed alpine that way:

Opening attachments

Alpine relies on the system mailcap to associate any given MIME typewith the application used to execute it. The Darwin build Alpine doesn'tinclude a default search path for mailcap, and OS X doesn't include oneanyway. Overcoming all this is pretty simple.

Modify .pinerc so that it knows how to find your mailcap:

Create a simple ~/.mailcap file that essentially relies on open andLaunchServices for all its MIME savvy:

Pine Review For Mac

I also like to open HTML attachments with incognito Chrome. If you'd liketo do the same, just add this line to the top of your mailcap file:

That does it. Alpine is now able to launch attachments without anytrouble.

Wisely, Apple's software developers tied command-line printing intothe larger print system, so lpr and its ilk work as expected.Printing from Alpine is therefore just a matter of getting theoutput formatted according to your tastes and piped off the lpr.Personally, I like the e-mail formatting provided by enscript,which formerly was included with Darwin but is now available viaMacPorts.

The one potential pitfall of this recipe is that it will only sendoutput to your default printer. If you want to send mail to a differentprinter, then you'll have to change your default printer before printingfrom Alpine, or you'll have to set up a separate definition for eachpotential printer using enscript's -P option.

Alpine is a free softwareemail client developed at the University of Washington.

Alpine is a rewrite of the Pine Message System that adds support for Unicode and other features. Alpine is meant to be suitable for both inexperienced email users and the most demanding of power users. Alpine can be learned by exploration and the use of context-sensitive help. The user interface can be customized.

Features[edit]

Alpine shares many common features of console applications, like a rich set of shortcut keys, using a keyboard instead of a mouse for all navigation and operations. In fact, all operations in Alpine have corresponding shortcut keys.

Unlike other console applications targeting developers and experienced users, which often require users to edit a configuration file, Alpine lets users change most configuration options within the software. This makes alpine one of the most easy to learn console-based email clients.

Alpine supports IMAP, POP, SMTP, NNTP and LDAP protocols natively. Although it does not support composing HTML email, it can display emails that only have HTML content as text. Alpine can read and write to folders in several formats, including Maildir, mbox, the mh format used by the mh message handling system, mbx, and MIX.

Alpine includes its own editor Pico (Pico stands for PIne COmposer), which includes commands for basic editing of files, such as, search and replace, spelling, and justifying of text, besides cut and paste, and intuitive navigation commands. However, any editor can be used to compose messages in Alpine, using the Editor configuration variable.

Besides being able to set up an alternate editor, users can configure more than a hundred variables and options to their liking, including setting up configuration for sending and receiving e-mail from different services, through an Incoming Folders collection and the use of personalities (called roles in Alpine), and therefore a user can share the same address book between different accounts. Alpine can also sort individual folders by several criteria, including threading, original sender, recipient, and size. Alpine also allows users to configure colors, filters, scores, and character set of the display among others. Your configuration and address books can be saved locally or on a remote IMAP server, so that they be accessible to you wherever you are. Alpine also handles encrypted and signed messages using the S/MIME standard.

Although Alpine was designed to be accessible to beginners, it can be easily set up for more advanced users. All screens in Alpine include built-in help, which can be quickly accessed with the CTRL-G command.

History[edit]

University of Washington[edit]

Alpine 1.0 was publicly released on December 20, 2007.

On 4 August 2008, the UW Alpine team announced^[1] that after one more release, incorporating Web Alpine 2.0, they would 'shift [their] effort from direct development into more of a consultation and coordination role to help integrate contributions from the community.' This was taken to mean that UW no longer maintains Alpine,^[2] and left development to others.

re-alpine fork[edit]

In June 2009, a project named re-alpine was created on SourceForge.^[3] This was used as an upstream for patches from maintainers.^[4] In August 2013, the re-alpine project official announced the December 21, 2012, release of Re-alpine 2.03, their last official release.^[5]

Current[edit]

Since January 2013, Eduardo Chappa, an active software developer formerly from the University of Washington, has released newer versions of Alpine from his site. His announcement was made public on the Usenet newsgroup comp.mail.pine.^[6][7] Most major Unix-like systems currently use this as the primary upstream site.^{[8][9][10][11]} On March 17, 2017, Chappa announced the release of version 2.21.^[12] Version 2.22 was released on January 19, 2020^[13] Version 2.23 was released on June 19, 2020^[14]

The latest stable released version, 2.24, was released on October 10, 2020^[15] while the most recent developmental version, 2.23.2, was released on June 30, 2020.^[16]

Name[edit]

'Alpine' officially stands for Alternatively Licensed Program for Internet News and Email.^[17] UW has also referred to it as 'Apache Licensed Pine'.^[18]

License[edit]

Alpine is licensed under the Apache License (version 2 - November 29, 2006), and saw its first public alpha release December 20, 2007. ^[19][20] This milestone was a new approach, since the alpha test of Pine was always non-public.

Pine Macos Game

Since this version of Alpine is linked against a non-system OpenSSLinstallation, you'll have to figure out where it keeps its storeof recognized CAs. For MacPorts, the file is off in /opt/local:

• /opt/local/share/curl/curl-ca-bundle.crt

You'll need to add the certificate(s) you want to that file manually:

Then relaunch Alpine.

I've tried running Alpine both in the standard Terminal utility and inthe xterm provided by X11 for Mac OS X (aka XDarwin). It works ineither environment, but I prefer the Terminal because it's got bettercut-and-paste support and it seems to handle character-set issuesbetter.

I use a larger font for mail than I do for regular Terminal sessions.For me, 12 or 13 pt. Monaco works well, and it looks even better withanti-aliasing turned on.

You can verify the antialiasing check box by navigating toTerminal -> Preferecnes… -> Profiles -> «name of profile» -> Text

The Terminal application has several different profile, eachwith its own colors and fonts. You'll need to repeat the previouscheck for each different profile.

Mac OS X makes it easy to launch helper applications for viewing URLsembedded in messages or attached files like images, PDF files, MS Worddocs, or whatever. The secret lies in the open utility, which knowsall about which applications you prefer for which MIME types.

Opening URLs with your default browser

Two settings need to be tweaked if you want to be able to view URLsembedded in messages sent to you. First, you need to enableenable-msg-view-urls option. Second, tell the url-viewers optionabout open:

Note that the quotation marks are necessary to preserve the whitespace.

That's it! If someone sends you something with some text that evenvaguely resembles a URL, it'll appear in bold within your Terminal. Usethe up or down arrows to highlight it, then press the Enter key. Yourdefault web browser will appear and begin loading the page.

Opening URLs with a different browser

I've gotten to the point that I prefer opening URLs embedded in e-mail messageswith Google Chrome in incognito mode rather than with my default browser, whichhappens to be Safari.

I was unable to configure this change completely in my .pinerc file, so Iended up writing a wrapper script and referencing that script in my alpine configuration.

The script itself is pretty simple. See the open(1) man page for details.

I installed that script as /usr/local/bin/url-viewer and then pointed alpine that way:

Opening attachments

Alpine relies on the system mailcap to associate any given MIME typewith the application used to execute it. The Darwin build Alpine doesn'tinclude a default search path for mailcap, and OS X doesn't include oneanyway. Overcoming all this is pretty simple.

Modify .pinerc so that it knows how to find your mailcap:

Create a simple ~/.mailcap file that essentially relies on open andLaunchServices for all its MIME savvy:

Pine Review For Mac

I also like to open HTML attachments with incognito Chrome. If you'd liketo do the same, just add this line to the top of your mailcap file:

That does it. Alpine is now able to launch attachments without anytrouble.

Wisely, Apple's software developers tied command-line printing intothe larger print system, so lpr and its ilk work as expected.Printing from Alpine is therefore just a matter of getting theoutput formatted according to your tastes and piped off the lpr.Personally, I like the e-mail formatting provided by enscript,which formerly was included with Darwin but is now available viaMacPorts.

The one potential pitfall of this recipe is that it will only sendoutput to your default printer. If you want to send mail to a differentprinter, then you'll have to change your default printer before printingfrom Alpine, or you'll have to set up a separate definition for eachpotential printer using enscript's -P option.

Alpine is a free softwareemail client developed at the University of Washington.

Alpine is a rewrite of the Pine Message System that adds support for Unicode and other features. Alpine is meant to be suitable for both inexperienced email users and the most demanding of power users. Alpine can be learned by exploration and the use of context-sensitive help. The user interface can be customized.

Features[edit]

Alpine shares many common features of console applications, like a rich set of shortcut keys, using a keyboard instead of a mouse for all navigation and operations. In fact, all operations in Alpine have corresponding shortcut keys.

Unlike other console applications targeting developers and experienced users, which often require users to edit a configuration file, Alpine lets users change most configuration options within the software. This makes alpine one of the most easy to learn console-based email clients.

Alpine supports IMAP, POP, SMTP, NNTP and LDAP protocols natively. Although it does not support composing HTML email, it can display emails that only have HTML content as text. Alpine can read and write to folders in several formats, including Maildir, mbox, the mh format used by the mh message handling system, mbx, and MIX.

Alpine includes its own editor Pico (Pico stands for PIne COmposer), which includes commands for basic editing of files, such as, search and replace, spelling, and justifying of text, besides cut and paste, and intuitive navigation commands. However, any editor can be used to compose messages in Alpine, using the Editor configuration variable.

Besides being able to set up an alternate editor, users can configure more than a hundred variables and options to their liking, including setting up configuration for sending and receiving e-mail from different services, through an Incoming Folders collection and the use of personalities (called roles in Alpine), and therefore a user can share the same address book between different accounts. Alpine can also sort individual folders by several criteria, including threading, original sender, recipient, and size. Alpine also allows users to configure colors, filters, scores, and character set of the display among others. Your configuration and address books can be saved locally or on a remote IMAP server, so that they be accessible to you wherever you are. Alpine also handles encrypted and signed messages using the S/MIME standard.

Although Alpine was designed to be accessible to beginners, it can be easily set up for more advanced users. All screens in Alpine include built-in help, which can be quickly accessed with the CTRL-G command.

History[edit]

University of Washington[edit]

Alpine 1.0 was publicly released on December 20, 2007.

On 4 August 2008, the UW Alpine team announced^[1] that after one more release, incorporating Web Alpine 2.0, they would 'shift [their] effort from direct development into more of a consultation and coordination role to help integrate contributions from the community.' This was taken to mean that UW no longer maintains Alpine,^[2] and left development to others.

re-alpine fork[edit]

In June 2009, a project named re-alpine was created on SourceForge.^[3] This was used as an upstream for patches from maintainers.^[4] In August 2013, the re-alpine project official announced the December 21, 2012, release of Re-alpine 2.03, their last official release.^[5]

Current[edit]

Since January 2013, Eduardo Chappa, an active software developer formerly from the University of Washington, has released newer versions of Alpine from his site. His announcement was made public on the Usenet newsgroup comp.mail.pine.^[6][7] Most major Unix-like systems currently use this as the primary upstream site.^{[8][9][10][11]} On March 17, 2017, Chappa announced the release of version 2.21.^[12] Version 2.22 was released on January 19, 2020^[13] Version 2.23 was released on June 19, 2020^[14]

The latest stable released version, 2.24, was released on October 10, 2020^[15] while the most recent developmental version, 2.23.2, was released on June 30, 2020.^[16]

Name[edit]

'Alpine' officially stands for Alternatively Licensed Program for Internet News and Email.^[17] UW has also referred to it as 'Apache Licensed Pine'.^[18]

License[edit]

Alpine is licensed under the Apache License (version 2 - November 29, 2006), and saw its first public alpha release December 20, 2007. ^[19][20] This milestone was a new approach, since the alpha test of Pine was always non-public.

Pine Macos Game

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Steve Hubert (2011-08-04). 'alpine status'. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
2. ^Mark Crispin (2009-08-03). 'Re-Alpine 2.01 released'. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
3. ^'re-alpine: The continuation of the Alpine email client from University of Washington'. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
4. ^'Change log for 'alpine' package in Debian - 2.02-1'. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
5. ^Levstik, Andraž (2013-08-14). 'Re-alpine 2.03 release (late but still)'. Alpine-info mailing list.
6. ^Chappa, Eduardo (2015-01-15). 'Alpine 2.20 released!'. USENET: comp.mail.pine. Retrieved 2015-02-10 – via Google Groups.
7. ^'Patches for Alpine'. Eduardo Chappa. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
8. ^'alpine - Text-based email client, friendly for novices but powerful'. Fedora package db. Fedora Project. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
9. ^'alpine - Text-based email client, friendly for novices but powerful'. Debian Package Tracking System. Debian. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
10. ^'alpine Makefile'. FreeBSD ports tree. FreeBSD. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
11. ^'alpine Makefile'. OpenBSD ports tree. OpenBSD. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
12. ^Chappa, Eduardo (2017-03-17). 'Alpine 2.21 Released'. USENET: comp.mail.pine – via Google Groups.
13. ^Chappa, Eduardo (2020-01-19). 'Initial release of Alpine version 2.22'. Alpine/Pico/Pilot/Web Alpine/Imapd Distribution.
14. ^Chappa, Eduardo (2020-06-19). 'Release of version 2.23'. Alpine/Pico/Pilot/Web Alpine/Imapd Distribution.
15. ^Chappa, Eduardo (2020-10-10). 'Release of version 2.24'. Alpine/Pico/Pilot/Web Alpine/Imapd Distribution.
16. ^Chappa, Eduardo (2019-06-22). 'New version 2.23.2'. Alpine/Pico/Pilot/Web Alpine/Imapd Distribution.
17. ^'Alpine Messaging System--What is..?'. 2009-03-06. Archived from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
18. ^'README.FIRST'. UW Technology Anonymous FTP Server. University of Washington. Retrieved 25 November 2014.^{[permanent dead link]}
19. ^Ryan Barrett (2006-11-30). 'Announcing Alpine 0.8'. Archived from the original on 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
20. ^'UW Alpine download directory'. University of Washington. Retrieved 2012-01-04.^{[permanent dead link]}

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External links[edit]

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